Maniobrabilidad de vehículos de competición

[ES] El siguiente proyecto aborda de forma detallada la dinamica vehicular de coches de competicion y como afecta esta a la maniobrabilidad. La dinamica es uno de los aspectos mas importantes a tener en cuenta para el diseño de vehiculos de produccion, y mas aun, debido a la naturaleza competitiva y el alto ritmo de evolucion, en los vehiculos de competicion. Se comienza desarrollando un estudio sobre el comportamiento de los neumaticos, analizando las fuerzas que actuan sobre ellos y las distintas variables a tener en cuenta. A continuacion, nos encontramos con un capitulo en el que se explica la propia dinamica del vehiculo al completo, analizando las respuestas del vehiculo en estado estacionario y en estado transitorio. El siguiente capitulo trata sobre el frenado, en el que se indagan las formulas fundamentales para su entendimiento y algunos de los sistemas que se utilizan en la alta competicion. Siguiendo con la tematica, el apartado cinco es un estudio sobre la direccion y las geometrias utilizadas para optimizar el rendimiento. Para finalizar, se estudian las tecnicas de conduccion y los posibles reglajes que ayudan a bajar el tiempo por vuelta.[EN] The following project deals in detail with the vehicle dynamics of racing cars and how it affects handling. Dynamics is one of the most important aspects to be taken into account in the design of production vehicles, and even more so, due to the competitive nature and the high rate of evolution, in racing vehicles. We begin by developing a study on the behaviour of tyres, analysing the forces acting on them and the different variables to be taken into account. This is followed by a chapter in which the dynamics of the vehicle itself is explained in full, analysing the responses of the vehicle in steady and transient states. The next chapter deals with braking, in which the fundamental formulas for its understanding and some of the systems used in high competition are investigated. Continuing the theme, section five is a study of steering and the geometries used to optimise performance. Finally, driving techniques and possible settings to help lower lap times are examined

Niveles de GAD-67/GAD-65 y actividad inmunosupresora de las células madre mesenquimales expuestas a citoquinas proinflamatorias in vitro

Tesis (Tecnólogo Médico, mención bioanálisis clínico, inmunohematología y banco de sangre)Las Células Madre Mesenquimales (MSC) son células multipotentes que tienen la capacidad de diferenciarse a osteocitos, condrocitos y adipocitos. El éxito alcanzado en medicina regenerativa se debe a que las MSC poseen también una fuerte capacidad inmunosupresora, condición esencial en el proceso regenerativo. Estudios recientes demuestran un claro efecto de estimulación de las capacidades inmunosupresoras de MSC por Interferón-γ (IFN-γ), ya sea sólo o en combinación con otras citoquinas pro-inflamatorias, como Interleuquina-1β (IL-1β). Recientemente, se ha demostrado la interacción funcional del sistema nervioso central y el sistema inmune. Las células del sistema inmune responden, y producen ellas mismas, neurotransmisores como dopamina, acetilcolina y ácido γ-aminobutírico (GABA). Se ha descrito que GABA actúa como un potente agente inmunosupresor y numerosos estudios demuestran su efectividad en la prevención de enfermedades autoinmunes en estudios pre-clínicos. Sin embargo, se desconoce si la biosíntesis de GABA está relacionada con la capacidad inmunosupresora de MSC. Mediante técnicas moleculares de RT-qPCR y Western Blot, se determinaron los niveles de mRNA y proteína de las enzimas biosintéticas de GABA, ácido glutámico descarboxilasa (GAD)-67 y GAD-65 en MSC expuestas a IFN-γ e IL-1β. Aquí, nosotros demostramos: (1) aumento de los niveles de mRNA y proteína de GAD-67 en MSC expuestas a las citoquinas IFN-γ e IL-1β; (2) aumento de mRNA de GAD-67 con IL-1β; (3) aumento de las propiedades inmunosupresoras de MSC pre-tratadas con IL-1β por sí sola o en conjunto con IFN-γ, en ensayos de inmunosupresión de células T CD4+. Nuestros resultados indican que existe un aumento selectivo de los niveles de GAD-67 en condiciones pro-inflamatorias, que concuerda con la mayor capacidad inmunosupresora de MSC. Estos resultados sugieren que GABA podría constituir parte de la maquinaria inmunosupresora de MSC. Experimentos de pérdida de función de GAD-67 (knockdown) permitirán definir el papel de GABA en la inmunosupresión mediada por MSC

Cálculo de medidas de riesgo para series de activos financieros bajo modelación del tiempo entre eventos extremos

112 p.Dentro del análisis de retornos financieros, una de las principales preocupaciones comprende medir el riesgo de los eventos extremos y cómo éstos pueden afectar la rentabilidad de una entidad. Las propiedades de estilo, naturales de estas series de tiempo, hacen a las estrategias clásicas publicadas en la literatura insuficientes para modelar la información. En esta investigación se define una alternativa, que toma especial cuidado en dichas particularidades de las series, como las dependencias temporales dentro de ella y en cómo, a partir de esta modelación, es posible extraer medidas de riesgo. La principal novedad de la investigación consiste en modelar el tiempo entre eventos extremos a partir de técnicas propias de datos irregularmente espaciados. El método propuesto es aplicado sobre un índice conocido, así como a un portafolio hipotético, y sujeto a pruebas estadísticas que permiten corroborar tanto su ajuste como la precisión en la estimación del riesgo. Su desempeño es también comparado con modelos clásicos que consideran volatilidad estocástica y su propia estimación del riesgo. La ventaja de la utilización de esta metodología es que utiliza solo la información obtenida a partir de la definición de sus eventos extremos, sin necesidad de realizar algún tratamiento sobre la serie completa. El carácter modular de la estrategia de modelación propuesta, permite también construir estructuras más complejas, definiendo un modelo generalizado, que puede desempeñarse sobre cualquier serie. Los resultados obtenidos permiten validar la utilización de esta metodología, ya que explican de mejor manera las interacciones entre los retornos. Palabras clave: Teoría de valores extremos, Modelo autorregresivo condicional en duración, Medida de riesgo, Valor en riesgo, Cambio de régimen./ABSTRACT:Within the analysis of financial returns, one of the main concerns involves measuring the risk of extreme events and how they can affect the profitability of a firm. Stylized facts within these time series make classical literature's strategies insufficient to model all the information. This research defines an alternative, taking special care to those features of the series, such as serial dependence and how,from this modeling, it is possible to compute classical risk measures. The main novelty of the research is to model the time between extreme events supported by techniques in irregularly spaced data. The proposed method is applied to a known index and a hypothetical portfolio, and subject to statistical tests, which corroborate both its setting and accuracy over risk estimation. Their performances are compared to classical stochastic volatility models and its own risk measure. The major advantage of using this method corresponds to using only the information obtained from the definition of its extreme values, without performing any treatment over the entire series. The modular nature of the proposed modeling strategy allows building a more complex structure, defining generalized models, which can perform on any series. The results obtained validate the utilization of this methodology, as it explains the interactions between the returns. Keywords: Extreme value theory, Autoregressive conditional duration, Risk measure, Value at risk, Regime-switching

Traumatic brain injury and the fall of the Aztec empire: 500 years of head injury diagnosis

Background: The Aztec civilization has been one of the most powerful and organized cultures in the preColumbian era in America. Its fall was due to many factors, including the incursion of Spanish colonization and its violent transculturation, associated with the strong influence of its theological traditions and beliefs, which generated a new configuration in its social structure. Methods: Through a qualitative analysis and a systematic review based on the keywords Montezuma and TBI (Traumatic Brain Injury), we found 70 texts of interest, of which 32 were selected for their anthropological and medical content and their relationship with the history of neurosurgery. Results: The traumatic brain injury (TBI) controversy and its consequences on this leader’s decision-making capacity and personal and social repercussions is evident. There are basically two versions of the story. That of the TBI was caused by his own people, and the other is the death due to injuries caused by the Spaniards. Historical texts that confirm these findings are presented. Conclusion: There is documentary evidence of TBI in the Aztec emperor, which partly explains his decision making behavior in the face of the invading Europeans. However, there is no forensic evidence to determine the causes of his death

Deforestation impacts on bat functional diversity in tropical landscapes

"Functional diversity is the variability in the functional roles carried out by species within ecosystems. Changes in the environment can affect this component of biodiversity and can, in turn, affect different processes, including some ecosystem services. This study aimed to determine the effect of forest loss on species richness, abundance and functional diversity of Neotropical bats. To this end, we identified six landscapes with increasing loss of forest cover in the Huasteca region of the state of Hidalgo, Mexico. We captured bats in each landscape using mist nets, and calculated functional diversity indices (functional richness and functional evenness) along with species richness and abundance. We analyzed these measures in terms of percent forest cover. We captured 906 bats (Phyllostomidae and Mormoopidae), including 10 genera and 12 species. Species richness, abundance and functional richness per night are positively related with forest cover. Generalized linear models show that species richness, abundance and functional richness per night are significantly related with forest cover, while seasonality had an effect on abundance and functional richness. Neither forest cover nor season had a significant effect on functional evenness. All these findings were consistent across three spatial scales (1, 3 and 5 km radius around sampling sites). The decrease in species, abundance and functional richness of bats with forest loss may have implications for the ecological processes they carry out such as seed dispersal, pollination and insect predation, among others.

Canting heliostats with computer vision and theoretical imaging

Solar Power Tower technology requires accurate techniques to ensure the optical performance of the heliostats both in commissioning and operation phases. This paper presents a technique based on target reflection to detect and correct canting errors in heliostat facets. A camera mounted on the back of a target heliostat sees an object heliostat and the target facets in reflection. The pixels difference between detected and theoretical borders determines the canting errors. Experiments in a lab scale testbed show that canting errors can be corrected up to an average value of around as low as 0.15 mrad. Experiments were also performed on a real heliostat at Plataforma Solar de Almería. As a result, canting errors (up to 5 mrad) have been reduced below 0.75 mrad. Mirror slope errors, which can be noticeable in large facets, becomes the largest source of inaccuracy in the presented method.This work has been supported by the Madrid Government (Comunidad de Madrid) under the Multiannual Agreement with UC3M in the line of "Fostering Young Doctors Research" (VISHELIO-CM-UC3M), and in the context of the V PRICIT (Regional Programme of Research and Technological Innovation). The authors appreciate the help provided by the technical staff at PSA during the experimental campaign. Funding for APC: Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (Read & Publish Agreement CRUE-CSIC 2022)

Diseño e implementación de un módulo didáctico con base en una banda transportadora, para la implementación de sensores de proximidad en el área de automatización

91 páginas : ilustraciones color, figuras, fotografías.El objetivo del trabajo se centra en implementar una banda transportadora como recurso de soporte al aprendizaje que permita entender el funcionamiento de los sensores de proximidad del laboratorio de automatización y como pueden estos ser usados mediante un módulo PLC.Bibliografía: páginas 50-51.PregradoIngeniero Electrónic

Generalized Dystonia and Paroxysmal Dystonic Attacks due to a Novel ATP1A3 Variant

Background: Paroxysmal movement disorders are a heterogeneous group of neurological diseases, better understood in recent years thanks to widely available genetic testing. Case report: A pair of monozygotic twins with dystonia and paroxysmal attacks, resembling paroxysmal non-kinesigenic dyskinesias, due to a novel ATP1A3 variant are reported. The complete resolution of their paroxysms was achieved using levodopa and deep brain stimulation of the internal globus pallidus. Improvement of interictal dystonia was also achieved with this therapy. Discussion: Paroxysmal worsening of movement disorders should be suspected as part of the ATP1A3 spectrum. Treatment outcome might be predicted based on the phenotype

OBESITY AS A SYMPTOM OF SOCIAL ILLNESS: A CRITICAL VIEW FROM THE FRANKFURT SCHOOL

La obesidad es uno de los problemas sociales y en salud más graves de nuestra época debido a que ha alcanzado proporciones pandémicas, desde 1975 la obesidad se ha triplicado, en 2016 más de 1900 millones de adultos mayores de 18 años tienen sobrepeso de los cuales 650 millones tenían obesidad y la mayor parte de la población mundial vive en países donde la obesidad cobra más vidas que la insuficiencia ponderal, según datos de la OMS (Organización Mundial de la Salud). Este fenómeno frecuentemente es visto como una condición fisiológica o un estado de salud, sin embargo el fenómeno además de tener una manifestación corporal, puede adquirir otros matices a favor de otorgar una explicación desde una perspectiva sociológica y en particular; desde los aportes realizados por la conocida escuela de Frankfurt mediante diversas concepciones que emanan desde sus principales autores. Mediante una revisión documental en los principales textos y autores de dicha escuela se plantea una reflexión acerca de los principales factores que influyen en la aparición del fenómeno de la obesidad y como estos factores pueden ser considerados como una profunda raíz incrustada en la realidad social que daña significativamente los cuerpos y las mentes de quien la padec

Ulva compressa from Copper-Polluted Sites Exhibits Intracellular Copper Accumulation, Increased Expression of Metallothioneins and Copper-Containing Nanoparticles in Chloroplasts

In order to analyze the mechanisms involved in copper accumulation in Ulva compressa, algae were collected at control sites of central and northern Chile, and at two copper-polluted sites of northern Chile. The level of intracellular copper, reduced glutathione (GSH), phytochelatins (PCs), PC2 and PC4, and transcripts encoding metallothioneins (MTs) of U. compressa, UcMT1, UcMT2 and UcMT3, were determined. Algae of control sites contained around 20 μg of copper g−1 of dry tissue (DT) whereas algae of copper-polluted sites contained 260 and 272 μg of copper g−1 of DT. Algae of control sites and copper-polluted sites did not show detectable amounts of GSH, the level of PC2 did not change among sites whereas PC4 was increased in one of the copper-polluted sites. The level of transcripts of UcMT1 and UcMT2 were increased in algae of copper-polluted sites, but the level of UcMT3 did not change. Algae of a control site and a copper-polluted site were visualized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the existence of copper in electrodense particles was analyzed using energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDXS). Algae of copper-polluted sites showed electrodense nanoparticles containing copper in the chloroplasts, whereas algae of control sites did not. Algae of a control site, Cachagua, were cultivated without copper (control) and with 10 μM copper for 5 days and they were analyzed by TEM-EDXS. Algae cultivated with copper showed copper-containing nanoparticles in the chloroplast whereas control algae did not. Thus, U. compressa from copper-polluted sites exhibits intracellular copper accumulation, an increase in the level of PC4 and expression of UcMTs, and the accumulation of copper-containing particles in chloroplasts.This work was financed by Fondecyt Regular 1160013 to A.M and by Dicyt-USACH